2020年12月26日,十三届全国人大常委会第二十四次会议通过了《中华人民共和国刑法修正案(十一)》(以下简称“修正案”),并由第六十六号主席令公布,自2021年3月1日起施行。本次修正案对知识产权犯罪(《刑法》第三章“破坏社会主义市场经济秩序罪”中第七节“侵犯知识产权罪”第二百一十三条至第二百二十条)做出较大调整(仅假冒专利罪未作修改),整体体现加强知识产权保护、加大知识产权犯罪打击力度的立法精神,以及保持与其他新修法律的衔接和统一。


修订要点速评如下:

除假冒专利罪外,取消了法定刑罚种类中的“拘役”、“管制”等刑罚,并提高“有期徒刑”的刑罚期限

本次修法前,我国《刑法》中涉及知识产权犯罪的最低刑罚均为三年以下有期徒刑、拘役(仅非法制造、销售非法制造的注册商标标识罪中额外包括“管制”这一刑罚种类)。本次修正案除未作修订的假冒专利罪外,全面删除拘役、管制,量刑均以三年以下有期徒刑作为起点(其中销售侵权复制品罪、商业间谍罪以五年以下有期徒刑作为起点);并提高量刑幅度,将原先的升格法定刑三年以上七年以下有期徒刑调整为三年以上十年以下有期徒刑(其中商业间谍罪升格法定刑为五年以上有期徒刑)。犯罪成本的显著提高将充分发挥刑法威慑力,有效遏制相关犯罪行为的发生,进一步保障权利人的合法利益,这与中美经济贸易协议的相关约定同样保持一致。


值得注意的是,《刑法》的“以上”或“以下”包括本数,“情节严重”和“情节特别严重”的刑罚分界线仍是三年,在过往法院对部分“情节特别严重”的案件判处三年刑罚,如此导致的结果即是存在缓刑的适用空间,甚至缓刑被过多适用,不足以对犯罪分子造成足够震慑,部分权利人对此罚不当罪的情况持反对态度。先前相关司法解释已规定不予缓刑的具体情节,期盼法院响应本次修正案知识产权强保护的立法精神及权利人的呼声,对情节恶劣的犯罪分子依法不适用缓刑。

假冒注册商标罪新增服务商标

本次修正案纳入了对服务商标的保护,明确了服务商标与商品商标同等保护的刑法地位,将旧法中假冒注册商标罪修改为“未经注册商标所有人许可,在同一种商品、服务上使用与其注册商标相同的商标,情节严重的,处三年以下有期徒刑,并处或者单处罚金……”。


考虑到当下是互联网经济时代,相当数量的服务基于互联网提供,侵犯服务商标的犯罪行为大量且猖獗。由于先前《刑法》仅明确对商品商标的保护,如果假冒他人注册商标提供服务,欺骗相关用户,情节恶劣却不能基于假冒注册商标罪追究刑责或只能“类推”适用先前对商品商标的保护,明显惩戒力不够且适用依据不够明确,本次修正案增加对服务商标的保护非常及时,亦有利于司法适用与确信。

衔接新《著作权法》,明确对邻接权的保护及对信息网络传播的规制,将“故意破坏著作权保护措施的行为”纳入刑法保护范围

本次修正案针对侵犯著作权罪的修订体现了与新《著作权法》保持一致的精神,整体扩大对侵犯著作权行为的打击力度,强化对著作权或者与著作权有关的权利的保护。主要修改包括:


(1)衔接新《著作权法》,将旧法中的电影、电视、录像作品的表述修改为视听作品。


(2)增加侵犯著作权犯罪行为类型,将“通过信息网络向公众传播”与“复制、发行”并列,加强对互联网环境下频发、高发的侵犯著作权行为的规制。


(3)将“未经权利人许可,故意避开或破坏权利人采取的著作权保护技术措施”的行为纳入刑法保护范围。修改前的《刑法》第二百一十七条通过列举的方式规定了四种侵犯著作权的行为方式,但这一规定限制了刑法的适用范围,特别是在网络环境下导致大量的侵犯著作权的行为方式无法得到有效规制,不利于惩治相关具有较大危害性的行为。将“破坏技术保护措施行为”入罪,加大知识产权犯罪打击力度,是知识产权强保护的一种体现,尤其有利于文化创意、软件开发和服务企业、移动多媒体、动漫游戏、软件数据库等战略性信息文化产业的著作权保护。另外,《著作权法》第五十三条和《信息网络传播权保护条例》第十八条均规定,故意避开或者破坏技术措施的行为,构成犯罪的,依法追究刑事责任。但原《刑法》第二百一十七条规定的对计算机软件构成侵犯著作权罪的行为仅限于“复制发行”,对于故意避开或者破坏技术措施的行为缺少对应条款,本次修正案的修改内容有效衔接了其他法律法规的规定。


(4)明确犯罪客体除著作权外还包括邻接权(与著作权有关的权利)。

侵犯商业秘密罪由“结果犯”变为“行为犯”有现实可能性,新增“商业间谍罪”

本次修正案将侵犯商业秘密罪的犯罪情节“给商业秘密的权利人造成重大损失的”修改为“情节严重的”,将“造成特别严重后果的”修改为“情节特别严重的”,不再以“损失”(结果犯)作为犯罪情节的考量标准,而是采用“情节是否严重”(可以是行为犯)细化商业秘密犯罪行为类型,商业秘密的刑事保护维度得到了进一步拓展,即以情节论处,而非单一以数额定罪。这一立法设计,与当下商业秘密侵害行为频发、权利人较难获得及时、有效法律救济的客观现实相适应,有利于加强商业秘密的保护力度。但具体哪些情节或者什么情节属于“情节严重”或“情节特别严重”,有待司法解释进一步明确。当然“情节严重”也会包括超过一定金额的损失或非法获利,目前侵犯商业秘密罪追诉标准仍以最高检和公安部联合颁布的给权利人造成30万以上的损失为主。


同时,本次修正案新增商业间谍罪,将侵犯商业秘密罪的范围延及为境外非法提供商业秘密,有利于打击国际商业间谍的行为。从文义解释的角度,该罪为行为犯,只要存在“为境外的机构、组织、人员窃取、刺探、收买、非法提供商业秘密的”行为,就可能受到五年以上有期徒刑的刑罚。结合最新的《出口管制法》,国家从严打击非法向境外泄密的行为,所有涉及与境外进行信息交流的从业人员都应充分做好合规准备。


另外,本次修正案中关于侵犯商业秘密罪的犯罪行为与新《反不正当竞争法》关于商业秘密侵权行为的表述基本保持一致,主要修改包括:(1)新增电子侵入、贿赂、欺诈三类侵犯商业秘密犯罪的行为;(2)明确违反保密义务披露或使用商业秘密的可构成犯罪;(3)对于不负有保密义务的主体,主观方面将“明知或应知”修改为“明知”,体现《刑法》谦抑性。

罪名
现行刑法
刑法修正案(十一)
第二百一十三条
假冒注册商标罪
未经注册商标所有人许可,在同一种商品上使用与其注册商标相同的商标,情节严重的,处三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役,并处或者单处罚金;情节特别严重的,处三年以上七年以下有期徒刑,并处罚金。
未经注册商标所有人许可,在同一种商品、服务上使用与其注册商标相同的商标,情节严重的,处三年以下有期徒刑,并处或者单处罚金;情节特别严重的,处三年以上十年以下有期徒刑,并处罚金。
第二百一十四条
销售假冒注册商标的商品罪
销售明知是假冒注册商标的商品,销售金额数额较大的,处三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役,并处或者单处罚金;销售金额数额巨大的,处三年以上七年以下有期徒刑,并处罚金。
销售明知是假冒注册商标的商品,违法所得数额较大或者有其他严重情节的,处三年以下有期徒刑,并处或者单处罚金;违法所得数额巨大或者有其他特别严重情节的,处三年以上十年以下有期徒刑,并处罚金。
第二百一十五条
非法制造、销售非法制造的注册商标标识罪
伪造、擅自制造他人注册商标标识或者销售伪造、擅自制造的注册商标标识,情节严重的,处三年以下有期徒刑、拘役或者管制,并处或者单处罚金;情节特别严重的,处三年以上七年以下有期徒刑,并处罚金。
伪造、擅自制造他人注册商标标识或者销售伪造、擅自制造的注册商标标识,情节严重的,处三年以下有期徒刑,并处或者单处罚金;情节特别严重的,处三年以上十年以下有期徒刑,并处罚金。
第二百一十六条
假冒专利罪
假冒他人专利,情节严重的,处三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役,并处或者单处罚金。
(未修改)
第二百一十七条
侵犯著作权罪
以营利为目的,有下列侵犯著作权情形之一,违法所得数额较大或者有其他严重情节的,处三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役,并处或者单处罚金;违法所得数额巨大或者有其他特别严重情节的,处三年以上七年以下有期徒刑,并处罚金:
(一)未经著作权人许可,复制发行其文字作品、音乐、电影、电视、录像作品、计算机软件及其他作品的;
(二)出版他人享有专有出版权的图书的;
(三)未经录音录像制作者许可,复制发行其制作的录音录像的;
(四)制作、出售假冒他人署名的美术作品的。
以营利为目的,有下列侵犯著作权或者与著作权有关的权利的情形之一,违法所得数额较大或者有其他严重情节的,处三年以下有期徒刑,并处或者单处罚金;违法所得数额巨大或者有其他特别严重情节的,处三年以上十年以下有期徒刑,并处罚金:
(一)未经著作权人许可,复制发行、通过信息网络向公众传播其文字作品、音乐、美术、视听作品、计算机软件及法律、行政法规规定的其他作品的;
(二)出版他人享有专有出版权的图书的;
(三)未经录音录像制作者许可,复制发行、通过信息网络向公众传播其制作的录音录像的;
(四)未经表演者许可,复制发行录有其表演的录音录像制品,或者通过信息网络向公众传播其表演的;
(五)制作、出售假冒他人署名的美术作品的;
(六)未经著作权人或者与著作权有关的权利人许可,故意避开或者破坏权利人为其作品、录音录像制品等采取的保护著作权或者与著作权有关的权利的技术措施的。
第二百一十八条
销售侵权复制品罪
以营利为目的,销售明知是本法第二百一十七条规定的侵权复制品,违法所得数额巨大的,处三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役,并处或者单处罚金。
以营利为目的,销售明知是本法第二百一十七条规定的侵权复制品,违法所得数额巨大或者有其他严重情节的,处五年以下有期徒刑,并处或者单处罚金。
第二百一十九条
侵犯商业秘密罪
有下列侵犯商业秘密行为之一,给商业秘密的权利人造成重大损失的,处三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役,并处或者单处罚金;造成特别严重后果的,处三年以上七年以下有期徒刑,并处罚金:
(一)以盗窃、利诱、胁迫或者其他不正当手段获取权利人的商业秘密的;
(二)披露、使用或者允许他人使用以前项手段获取的权利人的商业秘密的;
(三)违反约定或者违反权利人有关保守商业秘密的要求,披露、使用或者允许他人使用其所掌握的商业秘密的。
明知或者应知前款所列行为,获取、使用或者披露他人的商业秘密的,以侵犯商业秘密论。
本条所称商业秘密,是指不为公众所知悉,能为权利人带来经济利益,具有实用性并经权利人采取保密措施的技术信息和经营信息。
本条所称权利人,是指商业秘密的所有人和经商业秘密所有人许可的商业秘密使用人。
有下列侵犯商业秘密行为之一,情节严重的,处三年以下有期徒刑,并处或者单处罚金;情节特别严重的,处三年以上十年以下有期徒刑,并处罚金:
(一)以盗窃、贿赂、欺诈、胁迫、电子侵入或者其他不正当手段获取权利人的商业秘密的;
(二)披露、使用或者允许他人使用以前项手段获取的权利人的商业秘密的;
(三)违反保密义务或者违反权利人有关保守商业秘密的要求,披露、使用或者允许他人使用其所掌握的商业秘密的。
明知前款所列行为,获取、披露、使用或者允许他人使用该商业秘密的,以侵犯商业秘密论。
本条所称权利人,是指商业秘密的所有人和经商业秘密所有人许可的商业秘密使用人。
第二百一十九条之一
商业间谍罪

为境外的机构、组织、人员窃取、刺探、收买、非法提供商业秘密的,处五年以下有期徒刑,并处或者单处罚金;情节严重的,处五年以上有期徒刑,并处罚金。
第二百二十条
单位犯侵犯知识产权罪的处罚规定
单位犯本节第二百一十三条至第二百一十九条规定之罪的,对单位判处罚金,并对其直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员,依照本节各该条的规定处罚。
单位犯本节第二百一十三条至第二百一十九条之一规定之罪的,对单位判处罚金,并对其直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员,依照本节各该条的规定处罚。
 
Crime Names
Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China
Amendment  (XI) to the Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China
Article 213. Crimes ofCounterfeiting  Registered Trademarks
Whoever  uses a trademark identical with a registered trademark on the same kind of  goods without the permission of the owner of the registered trademark shall,  if the case is of a serious nature, be sentenced to imprisonment or criminal  detention of not more than three years and a fine, or be sentenced  to a fine only; or if the circumstances are especially serious, be sentenced  to imprisonment of not less than three years nor more than seven years,  and a fine.
Whoever  uses a trademark identical with a registered trademark on the same kind of  goods or services without the permission of  the owner of the registered trademark shall, if the case is of a serious  nature, be sentenced to imprisonment of not more than three years and a fine,  or be sentenced to a fine only; or if the circumstances are especially  serious, be sentenced to imprisonment of not less than three years nor more  than ten years, and a fine.
Article  214. Crimes of Selling Products with Counterfeit Registered Trademarks
Whoever  knowingly sells goods bearing a falsely used registered trademark shall, if  the amount of sales is relatively large, be sentenced to  imprisonment of not more than three years or criminal detention  and a fine, or be sentenced to a fine only; or if the amount of sales  is huge or there are other especially serious circumstances, be sentenced to  imprisonment of not less than three years nor more than seven years,  and a fine.
Whoever  knowingly sells goods bearing a falsely used registered trademark shall, if the amount of illegal income is relatively large or there are other serious  circumstances, be sentenced to imprisonment of not more than three  years and a fine, or be sentenced to a fine only; or if  the amount of illegal income is huge or there  are other especially serious circumstances, be sentenced to  imprisonment of not less than three years nor more than ten years, and a fine.
Article  215. Crimes of Illegally Producing and Selling Illegally-produced Registered Trademark  Logos
Whoever  forges or produces without permit labels of another person's registered  trademark or sells labels of a registered trademark that is forged or  produced without permit shall, if the circumstances are serious, be sentenced  to imprisonmentof not more than three years or criminal  detention or public surveillance and a fine, or be sentenced to a  fine only; or if the circumstances are especially serious, be sentenced to  imprisonment of not less than three years nor more than seven years,  and a fine.
Whoever  forges or produces without permit labels of another person's registered  trademark or sells labels of a registered trademark that is forged or  produced without permit shall, if the circumstances are serious, be sentenced  to imprisonment of not more than three years and a fine, or be sentenced to a  fine only; or if the circumstances are especially serious, be sentenced to  imprisonment of not less than three years nor more than ten years, and a fine.
Article  216. Crimes of Counterfeiting Patents
Whoever  counterfeits other people's patents, and when the circumstances are serious,  is to be sentenced to not more than three years of fixed-term imprisonment,  criminal detention, and may in addition or exclusively be sentenced to a  fine.
Whoever  counterfeits other people's patents, and when the circumstances are serious,  is to be sentenced to not more than three years of fixed-term imprisonment,  criminal detention, and may in addition or exclusively be sentenced to a  fine.
Article  217. Crimes of Infringing on Copyright
Whoever,  for profits, infringes upon copyright under any of the following  circumstances shall, if the amount of illegal income is relatively large or  there are other serious circumstances, be sentenced to imprisonment of not  more than three yearsor criminal  detention and a fine, or be sentenced to a fine only; or if the  amount of illegal income is huge or there are other especially serious  circumstances, be sentenced to imprisonment of not less than three years nor  more than seven years, and a fine:
 
(1)  Duplicating and/or distributing any literary work, music work, cinematographic  work, televised work, video work, computer software or any other  work without the permission of its copyright owner.  
 
(2)  Publishing any book of which another person has the exclusive right of  publication.
 
(3)  Duplicating and/or distributing any audio or video product without the  permission of its producer.
 
(4)  Producing or selling any artistic work bearing a fake signature of another  person.
Whoever,  for profits, infringes upon copyright or the rights  relating to copyright under any of the following circumstances shall,  if the amount of illegal income is relatively large or there are other  serious circumstances, be sentenced to imprisonment of not more than three  years and a fine, or be sentenced to a fine only; or if the amount of illegal  income is huge or there are other especially serious circumstances, be  sentenced to imprisonment of not less than three years nor more than ten years, and a fine:
 
(1)  Duplicating and/or distributing or through the  information network, disseminating to the public any literary work,  music work, artistic work, audiovisual work,  computer software or any other work provided for by  laws and administrative regulations without the permission of its  copyright owner.
 
(2)  Publishing any book of which another person has the exclusive right of  publication.
 
(3)  Duplicating and/or distributing or through the  information network, disseminating to the public any audio or video  product without the permission of its producer.
 
(4) Duplicating and/or distributing any audio or video product  recording the performance, or through the information network, disseminating  to the public the performance, without the permission of its performer.    
 
(5)  Producing or selling any artistic work bearing a fake signature of another  person.
 
(6) Intentionally evading or disrupting the technical measures  taken by a copyright owner or the owner of rights relating to the copyright  to protect his or her copyright or the rights relating to the copyright to a  work or audio or video product, without the permission thereof.
Article  218. Crimes of Selling Infringing Reproductions
Whoever,  for profits, knowingly sells the infringing duplicates set forth in Article  217 of this Law shall, if the amount of illegal income is huge, be sentenced  to imprisonment of not more than three years or criminal detention  and a fine, or be sentenced to a fine only.
Whoever,  for profits, knowingly sells the infringing duplicates set forth in Article  217 of this Law shall, if the amount of illegal income is huge or there are other especially serious circumstances,  be sentenced to imprisonment of not more than five  years and a fine, or be sentenced to a fine only.
Article  219. Crimes of Infringing on Trade Secrets
Whoever  commits any of the following conduct to infringe upon a trade secret and brings  significant losses to persons having the rights to the commercial secrets  shall be sentenced to imprisonment of not more than three years or criminal  detention and a fine, or be sentenced to a fine only; or if the consequences  are especially serious, be sentenced to imprisonment of not less than three  years nor more seven years and a fine:
 
(1)  Obtaining a right holder's trade secret by theft, inducement, coercion or  any other illicit means.
 
(2)  Disclosing, using or allowing any other person to use the trade secret  obtained from the right holder by the means mentioned in the preceding  paragraph.
 
(3)  Disclosing, using or allowing any other person to use the trade secret known  by him or her in violation of the agreement with the right holder or  the requirements of the right holder for keeping the trade secret  confidential.
 
Whoever  acquires, uses, or discloses other people's trade secret, although he or she  knows or should know the conduct set forth in the preceding  paragraph shall be punished as infringing upon the trade secret.
 
For the purposes of  this Article, ‘trade secret’ means the technical information and operation  information that are unknown to the public, can bring economic profits to  their right holders, are functional, and are kept as secrets by their right  holders.
 
For  the purposes of this Article, ‘right holder' means the owner of the trade  secret and the person who is permitted by the owner to use the trade secret.
 
Whoever  commits any of the following conduct to infringe upon a trade secret shall, if the circumstances are serious, be sentenced to  imprisonment of not more than three years and a fine, or be sentenced to a  fine only; or if the circumstances are  especially serious, be sentenced to imprisonment of not less than three years  nor more ten years and a fine:
 
(1)  Obtaining a right holder's trade secret by theft, bribery,  fraud, coercion, electronic intrusion  or any other illicit means.
 
(2)  Disclosing, using or allowing any other person to use the trade secret  obtained from the right holder by the means mentioned in the preceding  paragraph.
 
(3)  Disclosing, using or allowing any other person to use the trade secret known  by him or her in violation of the confidentiality  obligation or the requirements of the right holder for keeping the  trade secret confidential.
 
Whoever  acquires, discloses, or uses or allows any other person to use the trade secret  although he or she knows the conduct set forth in the preceding paragraph  shall be punished as infringing upon the trade secret.
 
For  the purposes of this Article, ‘right holder' means the owner of the trade  secret and the person who is permitted by the owner to use the trade secret.
Article  219A Crimes of Economic Espionage

Whoever steals, spies on, buys or illegally provides any trade  secret for an overseas institution, organization or individual shall be  sentenced to imprisonment of not more than five years and a fine, or be  sentenced to a fine only; and if the circumstances are serious, be sentenced  to imprisonment of not less than five years and a fine.
Article  220. Penalty Provisions of Unit Crimes of Infringing Upon Intellectual  Property Rights
Where  an entity commits a crime as provided for in Article 213 through Article 219A  of this Section, the entity shall be sentenced to a fine, and its directly liable  executive in charge and other directly liable persons shall be punished in  accordance with the provisions of the aforesaid articles of this Section  respectively.
Where  an entity commits a crime as provided for in Article 213 through Article 219A  of this Section, the entity shall be sentenced to a fine, and its directly  liable executive in charge and other directly liable persons shall be  punished in accordance with the provisions of the aforesaid articles of this  Section respectively.
注:英文翻译仅供参考,不保证准确性。

var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(hm, s); })();